การใช ข าควบค มโรคบ ดไส ต นในไก เน อ Uses of Galanga (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Coccidiosis Controls in Broilers บทค ดย อ

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1 การใช ข าควบค มโรคบ ดไส ต นในไก เน อ Uses of Galanga (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Coccidiosis Controls in Broilers ว ว ฒน วราม ตร บงกช นพผล พ ชญ ร ตน แสนไชยส ร ยา บ ญญ ต เหล าไพบ ลย Wiwat Waramit, Bongkot Noppon, Pitcharat Sanchaisuriya and Banyat Laopaiboon บทค ดย อ ข า (Alpinia galanga Linn.) ความเข มข น 0, 2, 4 และ 6% (น าหน กต อน าหน ก) น ามาผสมอาหารเพ อ เล ยงไก เน ออาย ต งแต 1 ว น ถ ง 21 ว น จากน นช กน าให เก ดโรคบ ดไส ต นในไก เน อโดยใช เช อบ ด Eimeria tenella (40,000 โอโอซ สท ต อม ลล ล ตร) จ านวน 1 ม ลล ล ตร แก ไก เน อท กต ว หล งจากน น 6 หร อ 8 ว น ท าการ ช าแหละไก เน อเพ อน บจ านวนเช อบ ดและว ดค าคะแนนรอยโรคของเช อบ ด พบว าค าคะแนนรอยโรคม ความ แตกต างระหว างกล มทดลองและกล มควบค มอย างม น ยส าค ญทางสถ ต (p<0.01) เม อใช ในความเข มข นท ส งข น ในการศ กษาน พบว าเม อผสมข าผงระด บ 6% ค าคะแนนรอยโรคของโรคบ ดไส ต นลดลงเป น 1.58 (± 0.78) ซ งบ งช ว าความร นแรงของโรคบ ดได ร บการควบค มอย างเพ ยงพอ ABSTRACT Powdered Thai galanga supplements (Alpinia galanga Linn.) were included in broiler feeds at 0, 2, 4 and 6%, w/w, respectively. These feed formulations were then fed to 1-day old broilers up to 21 days. Then, one ml of Eimeria tenella suspension (40,000 oocysts/ml) was inoculated to each broiler (to induce coccidiosis). Broilers were then euthanized after 6 or 8 days. Oocyst counts and lesion scores were assessed. There was a significant difference (p<0.01) in lesion scores between treatment and control groups at the higher inclusion rate of Thai galanga. In this study, at the 6% inclusion rate of the supplement, the lesion score reduced to 1.58 (± 0.78), which indicates that damage from coccidia was adequately controlled. Keywords: Thai galanga, Alpinia galanga Linn., coccidiosis, broilers คณะเทคโนโลย การเกษตร มหาว ทยาล ยราชภ ฎร าไพพรรณ จ งหว ดจ นทบ ร Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University, Chantaburi Province,

2 INTRODUCTION Organic broiler production is an emerging trend of broiler production focused on consumer safety. Thailand aims to supply the world with safe and wholesome chicken for consumption. It is therefore important that locally produced and consumed chicken and exported product are of the same high quality. Antibiotic use in broiler production had become less problematic in both developed and developing countries due to consumer awareness of health and food safety, and concerns regarding potential for antibiotic residue. Thai galanga (Alpinia galanga Linn.) is a medicinal plant, well known for its human health benefits. It is a common household herb used for cooking as well as for ethnoveterinary purposes among smallholder chicken farms. Its well-documented human medicinal effects include amylase inhibition, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, antileishmaniasis, antimutagenic, antinematodal, antitumor promoting, antiyeast, betaglucuronidase inhibition, carcinogenesis inhibition, carconogenic activity, diastase inhibition, insect repellent activity, larvicidal activity, protease (HIV) inhibition, spermicidal and uterine effects (Cheah and Gan, 2000; Chevallier, 1996; Farnworth and Bunyapraphatsara, 1993; Folkard, 1996). Thai galanga has been recently examined for its effect as a growth stimulant and disease control agent in animal production (Noppon et al., 2002, 2004; Warameet et al., 2003). It is therefore of interest to organic production and reduced antibiotic use in chicken for human consumption. Coccidiosis is one of the major diseases in the Thai broiler industry and a cause of poor growth, performance and welfare of intensively and extensively reared chickens. There are many existing strategies to combat and control the disease, most involving some form of antibiotic or coccidiostatic medication. Various medications were used such as ivermectin, sulfamethazine, diclazuril solutions, and combinations of the drug of choices (Kajaysri et al., 2000; Sangmaneedet et al., 2003). This paper reports one of several investigations into Thai galanga demonstrating its efficacy for coccidiosis control in broiler production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this experiment. Four replicates were performed including 6 birds each. Ninety six one-day old broilers were fed ad libitum using a typical non-commercial broiler starter diet (without coccidiostat) until 21 days of age. Then, 1 ml of Eimeria tenella (40,000 oocysts/ml) suspension was inoculated to each broiler to induce coccidiosis. Broilers were then euthanized using 70% ethanol into occipital condyles after the appearance of clinical signs of the disease, 6 or 8 days following inoculation. This method has

3 been extensively used and is known to be a method of choice for poultries. After excision of the caecum and its contents, oocysts were counted and caecal lesion scores were assessed. Oocyst counts were performed using a haemocytometer as a counting chamber and caecal lesion scores were assessed using the classical lesion scoring system of Johnson and Reid (1970), from +1 to +4. Preparation of feeds/supplements: Thai galanga chips were dried and ground to a powder form. Samples were analyzed using the proximate analysis for nutritive value and then included in the broiler feed as a supplement at 0, 2, 4 and 6%, w/w, respectively. The nutritive values of galangal powder were 3.87% protein, 0.21% calcium, 0.17% phosphorus, 4.59% fat, 12.21% fiber, 6.38% total ash, 9.44% moisture and 4, kilocalories/kg total energy. Preparation of oocyst inoculum: Fresh Eimeria tenella suspensions were prepared in potable tap water. The concentration of oocysts was standardized to 40,000 oocysts/ml using haemocytometer counting chamber. One ml of the inoculum was then fed to each 21 day-old broiler manually by oral syringe. Data analysis: ANOVA at the 99% confident interval was used. The Duncan s new multiple range test were analyzed, and p<0.01 was regarded as a significant difference in comparing lesion scores between control and galangal treated groups. RESULTS Results showed that oocyst counts among control and galangal treated groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). The oocyst counts were 6.52 (± 0.09), 6.18 (± 0.59), 6.38 (± 0.19) and 6.47 (± 0.17) log oocyst/ml for 0, 2, 4 and 6%, w/w, galangal treated groups, respectively. However, as shown in Table 1, at day 8 th after inoculation, lesion scores were significantly lower when the highest concentration (6%) of Thai galangal powder was included into broiler feeds compared with control. This indicates significantly less damage to the caecum in birds on this treatment. Figure 1 illustrates the appearance of lesion scores of broilers in this study where (a) is caeca partly excised showing a score of +4, (b) is an intact caecal sample with +4 scores and (c) is excised caecum of +4 scores.

4 Table 1 Lesion score after the induction of coccidiosis in broilers on day 8 th after the inoculation Treatment with Thai galanga Lesion score (± SD) N p-value 0% 2% 4% 6% Note: (± 1.22) (± 1.11) (± 0.71) (± 0.78) N= number of birds per treatment, that is 3 birds x 4 replicates < 0.01 (b) Intact caecum (a) Caecum partly excised (c) Excised caecum Figure1 Lesion scores of +4 in the excised sample of the broiler caecum (a) caecum partly excised; (b) intact caecum and (c) excised caecum DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Oocyst counts showed no significant difference between control and galangal treated groups indicating that the inclusion of the galangal powder had no effect on the viability of Eimeria tenella in the caecum. However, caecal lesions due to coccidiosis as measured by the lesion score were significantly reduced when 6%, w/w, ground Thai galanga was included in the feed, i.e Comparing to the use of diclazuril solution in 6 week-old broilers in another study (Sangmaneedet, 2003), the average lesion score of caecum in control group, 5 ppm for 48 hrs,

5 and 15 ppm for 8 hrs treated groups were 2.8, 0.7, and 2.0, respectively. Regardless of broilers ages, the 6% galangal in this study may be used to substitute the 15 ppm diclazuril solution for 8 hrs to render a better lesion scoring of the disease and of course, a less severe clinical sign. As mention earlier, Thai herbal plants have been extensively examined in a hope that it can be used in place of present medications which may cause drug residues in broiler meats. There fore, consumers are protected from consuming unsafe meats. The present study also indicates the possibility of using Thai galanga as the herbal feed supplement in broiler productions to reduce the severity of clinical signs in broilers. Further study is warranted to determine the mechanism of effect and optimal inclusion rate and treatment regimes using Thai galanga. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We sincerely thank Dr. Somboon Sangmaneedet, Former Head, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University for his fruitful guidance and assistance in conducting this experiment. His advice is highly appreciated. REFERENCES Cheah, P.B., and S.P. Gan Antioxidative/Antimicrobial effects of galangal and alphatocopherol in minced beef. J. Food Prot. 63: Chevallier, A The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. A DK Publishing Inc. New York, USA. Farnworth, N.R. and N. Bunyapraphatsara Thai medicinal plants. Prachachon Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand. Folkard, C Encyclopedia of herbs. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 9 Henrietta street. London. Johnson, J.K., and W.M. Reid Anticoccidial drugs: lesion -scoring techniques in battery and floor pen experiments with chickens. Exp. Parasitol. 28: Kajaysri, J., K. Jandeekayom, S. Singhajan The Combination Treatment of Roundworm Haemonchus contortus in Abomasums and Coccidia Eimeria spp. in Goat with Ivermectin and Sulfamethazine. KKU Vet J. 10: Noppon, B., S. Kang-air, W. Chantarasanit, and P. Noimay Supplementation of galangal powder in feeds on growth of broilers. The Proceedings for the 1 st Thai Herbs: Opportunity and new alternative for animal productions. October, 24-25, Maluay Garden Hotel, Bangkok, p Noppon, B., S. Kang-air, W. Chantarasanit, and P. Noimay Effect of Galangal Powder as an immunostimulator on New Castle s Disease in Broilers. The Proceedings for the 2 nd Thai Herbs: Opportunity and new alternative for animal productions. January, 15-16, Siam City

6 Hotel, Bangkok, p Sangmaneedet, S., S. Nopwinyouwong, Y. Wongma, W. Hinorn, S. Padjuta Use of Diclazuril (V-Clazil ) for Treatment of Caecal Coccidiosis in 6-Week-Old Broilers. KKU Vet J. 13:1-8. Warameet, W., P. Sanchaisuriya, B. Laopaiboon, and B. Noppon Effect of Dietary Herbal Thai Galanga (Alpinia galanga) Powder Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Quality and Coccidiosis control in Broiler. Academic Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, pp.73. Youn H.J., and J.W. Noh Screening of the anticoccidal effects of herb extracts against Eimeria tenella. J. Vet. Parasitol. 96: